Literature, as a tool for reflection and analysis of social reality, has always played a key role in addressing and deconstructing complex issues such as gender-based violence. Violence is not just a physical phenomenon, but a profound expression of power dynamics rooted in cultural and social constructions. Narrative thus becomes a lens to explore these phenomena, analyzing violence as a power relationship manifested through words, acts and gestures.
In literary works, gender-based violence often emerges as a central theme, with its narrative structure becoming a mirror for dynamics of oppression. The narrative form can be a powerful weapon, capable of revealing the micro-politics that govern interpersonal relationships and the subjugation of one individual to another. Indeed, writing does more than just tell stories; it contributes to shaping and transforming worldviews, allowing questions to be asked about the causes and solutions to this social scourge. Literature can also transform “micro politics,” which are those everyday dynamics that govern social interactions and can perpetuate unequal power structures.
Gender-based violence manifests itself not only in egregious acts, but also in seemingly insignificant behaviors that, accumulated over time, have the power to erode a person’s self-esteem and dignity. These micro-aggressions can be verbal, gestural, or implicit, and the literature provides numerous examples of how protagonists suffer, but also react, to these subtle forms of violence. Each narrative offers an opportunity to investigate these dynamics and make the invisible visible. Stories of abuse and violence can be told in the form of direct experiences, but also through the point of view of the perpetrators, allowing a deeper understanding of the psychological and cultural processes, which fuel power and domination.
One sociologist who has analyzed these dynamics in depth is Pierre Bourdieu, who developed the theory of the social field and symbolic capital. According to Bourdieu, society is composed of different “fields,” or social and cultural spaces where actors compete for resources and power. Everyday interactions take place within these fields, and symbolic capital (i.e. prestige, honor, social respect) is one of the instruments of power that helps reinforce gender inequality. Indeed, women tend to be at a disadvantage within these fields, where their symbolic resources are frequently devalued or ignored.
Behaviors that erode a woman’s self-esteem can manifest themselves in various ways. Among the most common are reductive comments about her physical appearance, intelligence, and professional abilities. For example, insistence that “a woman cannot do that job” or that “she is too emotional” are expressions of constant devaluation that undermine self-confidence. In this context, there are small actions or phrases that seem harmless but, repeated over time, contribute to maintaining a negative view of self. For example, a man constantly interrupting a woman during a conversation, or not giving her the space to express her opinion. In addition, social pressure is often involved in the devaluation mechanism, which sees women solely committed to certain family, caring and service roles, while their personal or professional ambitions are ignored or downplayed. For example, the custom of assigning women to always be “welcoming” or “kind,” while assertive qualities are often labeled as “aggressive.”
To counter these dynamics, it is essential to address both the visible and invisible aspects of gender inequality. It should be kept in mind, that gender is a social product constructed through repeated practices and behaviors, which are considered “normal.” To counter stereotypes, one can draw on the concept of gender performativity, and given that people, often, interpret gender through their everyday actions, to stop labeling what a woman can or cannot do, could free individuals from the cages imposed by the social system. To combat gender stereotypes, I believe it is imperative to support the de-construction of narratives and power structures through education and critical awareness. It is important to build a culture that challenges social conventions and promotes a symbolic revolution to generate and foster equal relationships. Another central element in preventing violence is building self-esteem. Often, gender-based violence is fueled by a lack of self-esteem and a distorted view of self and others. Self-awareness, which emerges through reflection and self-compassion, can stimulate personal growth and provide the tools needed to relate in healthy and respectful ways. The literature offers numerous examples of individuals who, through a path of self-awareness and self-affirmation, are able to overcome emotional and relational difficulties, becoming protagonists in stories of redemption and liberation.
The article Micro politics and power dynamics in social interactions comes from TheNewyorker.
